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Upgrading Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunch Biopellet with Addition of Bintaro Fruit as Co-firing
Corresponding Author(s) : Idral Amri
Journal of Bioprocess, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Science,
Vol 2 No 2 (2021): Journal of Bioprocess, Chemical, and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
The low density of mass and energy are the main reason for the underutilization of great potential of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) as a raw material of alternative and renewable fuels. The using of bintaro fruit as co-firing and treatment of torrefaction – densification processes were believed to increase the density of mass and energy of the EFB biopellet. This study aims to determine the effect of residence time, compaction pressure, and addition of bintaro fruit to the characteristics of EFB biopellet according to ISO 17225-6 standards. Biopellet manufacture was carried out two processes sequence, namely the torrefaction process and the densification process. The torrefaction process was carried out at 275oC with residence time variations 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The densification process was carried out without binder with compaction pressure variations 30, 40, and 50 bar. The addition of bintaro fruit was intended as co-firing of EFB at a ratio 70:30. The best characteristics of biopellet were obtained under conditions of 60 minutes residence time and 50 bar compaction pressures with 3.00% of moisture content, 7.90% of ash content, 8.70% of volatile content, 80.40% of fixed carbon content, 4719.59 cal/gr of heating value, and 1.28 gr/cm3 of density. Characteristics of moisture content and volatile content decreased while ash content, fixed carbon content, and heating value increased with increasing residence time. Characteristics of density increased with increasing compaction pressure. Characteristics of proximate and heating value increased while density properties of biopellet decreased with the addition of bintaro fruit as co-firing.
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References
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Cavallo, E., & Pampuro, N. (2017). Effects of Compressing Pressure on Briquettes Made from Woody Biomass. AIDIC Servizi, 58, 517–522. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1758087
Chen, W., Lu, K., Lee, W., Liu, S., & Lin, T. (2014). Non-oxidative and Oxidative Torrefaction Characterization and SEM Observations of Fibrous and Bigneous Biomass. Applied Energy, 114, 104–113. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.045
Ching, Y. C., & Ng, T. S. (2014). Effect of Preparation Conditions on Cellulose from Oil. Bioresource Technology, 9(4), 6373–6385.
Krizan, P., Svatek, M., Matus, M., Beniak, J., & Lisy, M. (2014). Determination of Compacting Pressure and Pressing Temperature Impact on Biomass Briquettes Density and Their Mutual Interactions. Section Renewable Energy Sources and Clean Technologies, 1, 1–9.
Mitchual, S. J., Frimpong-mensah, K., & Darkwa, N. A. (2013). Effect of Species, Particle Size and Compacting Pressure on Relaxed Density and Compressive Strength of Fuel Briquettes. International Journal of Energy and Enviromental Engineering, 4:30, 2–7.
Nasrin, A. B., Choo, Y. M., Lim, W. S., Joseph, L., & Michael, S. (2011). Briquetting of Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre and Palm Shell as a Renewable Energy Fuel. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6(6), 446–451. https://doi.org/10.3923/jeasci.2011.446.451
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Rosalina, Rochaeni, H., Lestari, P. S., Tedja, T., Riani, E., & Sugiarti, S. (2018). The Influence of Phosphoric Acid Activation of Carbon from Bintaro Fruit (Cerbera odollam G.) on The Adsorption of Chromium in Various Conditions of pH. International Journal of Chemical and Studies, 6(1), 443–448.
Shumeiko, B., Auersvald, M., Staš, M., & Kubička, D. (2017). Theoretical Principles of Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, 1, 1–7.
Stelt, M. J. C. Van Der, Gerhauser, H., Kiel, J. H. A., & Ptasinski, K. J. (2011). Biomass Upgrading by Torrefaction for The Production of Biofuels : A review. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(9), 3748–3762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.023
Strandberg, M., Olofsson, I., Pommer, L., Wiklund-lindström, S., Åberg, K., & Nordin, A. (2015). Effects of Temperature and Residence Time on Continuous Torrefaction of Spruce Wood. Fuel Processing Technology, 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.fuproc.2015.02.021
Sulaiman, H. M., Uemura, Y., & Tazli, M. (2016). Torrefaction of Empty Fruit Bunches in Inert Condition at Various Temperature and Time. Procedia Engineering, 148, 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.514
Syamsiro, M., Nasution, R. M., Surono, U., Pambudi, N., & Kismurtono, M. (2019). Dry and Wet Torrefaction of Empty Fruit Bunch to Produce Clean Solid Fuel for Cooking Application. 1st International Conference on Advance and Scientific Innovation (ICASI). https://doi.org/10.1088/ 1742-6596/1175/1/012272
Thaim, T., & Rasid, R. A. (2017). Improvement of Empty Fruit Bunch Properties Through Torrefaction. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 10(December 2016), 114–121.
Tumuluru, J. S., Sokhansanj, S., Wright, C. T., & Boardman, R. D. (2010). Biomass Torrefaction Process Review and Moving Bed Torrefaction System Model Development. Idaho: Idaho National Laboratory.
Uzun, B. B., Putun, A. E., & Putun, E. (2007). Rapid Pyrolysis of Olive Residue Effect of Heat and Mass Transfer Limitations on Product Yields and Bio-oil Compositions. Journal Enegy Fuels, 21(4), 1768–1776.Energy Sources and Clean Technologies, 1, 1–9.
Mitchual, S. J., Frimpong-mensah, K., & Darkwa, N. A. (2013). Effect of Species, Particle Size and Compacting Pressure on Relaxed Density and Compressive Strength of Fuel Briquettes. International Journal of Energy and Enviromental Engineering, 4:30, 2–7.
Nasrin, A. B., Choo, Y. M., Lim, W. S., Joseph, L., & Michael, S. (2011). Briquetting of Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre and Palm Shell as a Renewable Energy Fuel. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6(6), 446–451. https://doi.org/10.3923/jeasci.2011.446.451
Rasid, R. A., Chin, T. M., Ismail, M., Nur, R., & Abdul, U. (2019). Effect of Torrefaction Temperature, Residence Time, and Particle Size on the Properties of Torrefied Food Waste. Indonesia Journal Chemical Engineering, 19(3), 753–760. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.39718
Rosalina, Rochaeni, H., Lestari, P. S., Tedja, T., Riani, E., & Sugiarti, S. (2018). The Influence of Phosphoric Acid Activation of Carbon from Bintaro Fruit (Cerbera odollam G.) on The Adsorption of Chromium in Various Conditions of pH. International Journal of Chemical and Studies, 6(1), 443–448.
Shumeiko, B., Auersvald, M., Staš, M., & Kubička, D. (2017). Theoretical Principles of Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, 1, 1–7.
Stelt, M. J. C. Van Der, Gerhauser, H., Kiel, J. H. A., & Ptasinski, K. J. (2011). Biomass Upgrading by Torrefaction for The Production of Biofuels : A review. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(9), 3748–3762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.023
Strandberg, M., Olofsson, I., Pommer, L., Bhavsar, P. A., Jagadale, M. H., Khandetod, Y. P., & Mohod, A. G. (2018). Proximate Analysis of Selected Non Woody Biomass. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(09), 2846–2849.
Cavallo, E., & Pampuro, N. (2017). Effects of Compressing Pressure on Briquettes Made from Woody Biomass. AIDIC Servizi, 58, 517–522. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1758087
Chen, W., Lu, K., Lee, W., Liu, S., & Lin, T. (2014). Non-oxidative and Oxidative Torrefaction Characterization and SEM Observations of Fibrous and Bigneous Biomass. Applied Energy, 114, 104–113. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.045
Ching, Y. C., & Ng, T. S. (2014). Effect of Preparation Conditions on Cellulose from Oil. Bioresource Technology, 9(4), 6373–6385.
Krizan, P., Svatek, M., Matus, M., Beniak, J., & Lisy, M. (2014). Determination of Compacting Pressure and Pressing Temperature Impact on Biomass Briquettes Density and Their Mutual Interactions. Section Renewable Energy Sources and Clean Technologies, 1, 1–9.
Mitchual, S. J., Frimpong-mensah, K., & Darkwa, N. A. (2013). Effect of Species, Particle Size and Compacting Pressure on Relaxed Density and Compressive Strength of Fuel Briquettes. International Journal of Energy and Enviromental Engineering, 4:30, 2–7.
Nasrin, A. B., Choo, Y. M., Lim, W. S., Joseph, L., & Michael, S. (2011). Briquetting of Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre and Palm Shell as a Renewable Energy Fuel. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6(6), 446–451. https://doi.org/10.3923/jeasci.2011.446.451
Rasid, R. A., Chin, T. M., Ismail, M., Nur, R., & Abdul, U. (2019). Effect of Torrefaction Temperature, Residence Time, and Particle Size on the Properties of Torrefied Food Waste. Indonesia Journal Chemical Engineering, 19(3), 753–760. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.39718
Rosalina, Rochaeni, H., Lestari, P. S., Tedja, T., Riani, E., & Sugiarti, S. (2018). The Influence of Phosphoric Acid Activation of Carbon from Bintaro Fruit (Cerbera odollam G.) on The Adsorption of Chromium in Various Conditions of pH. International Journal of Chemical and Studies, 6(1), 443–448.
Shumeiko, B., Auersvald, M., Staš, M., & Kubička, D. (2017). Theoretical Principles of Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, 1, 1–7.
Stelt, M. J. C. Van Der, Gerhauser, H., Kiel, J. H. A., & Ptasinski, K. J. (2011). Biomass Upgrading by Torrefaction for The Production of Biofuels : A review. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(9), 3748–3762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.023
Strandberg, M., Olofsson, I., Pommer, L., Wiklund-lindström, S., Åberg, K., & Nordin, A. (2015). Effects of Temperature and Residence Time on Continuous Torrefaction of Spruce Wood. Fuel Processing Technology, 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.fuproc.2015.02.021
Sulaiman, H. M., Uemura, Y., & Tazli, M. (2016). Torrefaction of Empty Fruit Bunches in Inert Condition at Various Temperature and Time. Procedia Engineering, 148, 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.514
Syamsiro, M., Nasution, R. M., Surono, U., Pambudi, N., & Kismurtono, M. (2019). Dry and Wet Torrefaction of Empty Fruit Bunch to Produce Clean Solid Fuel for Cooking Application. 1st International Conference on Advance and Scientific Innovation (ICASI). https://doi.org/10.1088/ 1742-6596/1175/1/012272
Thaim, T., & Rasid, R. A. (2017). Improvement of Empty Fruit Bunch Properties Through Torrefaction. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 10(December 2016), 114–121.
Tumuluru, J. S., Sokhansanj, S., Wright, C. T., & Boardman, R. D. (2010). Biomass Torrefaction Process Review and Moving Bed Torrefaction System Model Development. Idaho: Idaho National Laboratory.
Uzun, B. B., Putun, A. E., & Putun, E. (2007). Rapid Pyrolysis of Olive Residue Effect of Heat and Mass Transfer Limitations on Product Yields and Bio-oil Compositions. Journal Enegy Fuels, 21(4), 1768–1776.