Journal of Bioprocess, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Science

Sintesis Nitroselulosa dari Serat Daun Nanas sebagai Sumber α-Selulosa untuk Bahan Baku Pembuatan Propelan

Cory Dian Al'farisi — 2025-11-15

Nitrocellulose is an important compound in the chemical industry, which has various crucial applications, such as the main ingredient for making quality paint, ink, and coating formulations in the printing process, as well as a propellant (explosive). Nitrocellulose as a raw propellant material is currently very popular. In this research, pineapple leaf waste has been processed as a raw material for making nitrocellulose through a nitration process. The research aims to determine the effect of the nitration process's length and the nitrating acid's composition on nitrocellulose's nitrogen content. Before the nitration process, an initial process is carried out, namely pre-treatment of pineapple fiber to obtain fiber with a cellulose purity of >92%. In the nitration process, the ratio of titrating acid (H₂SO₄:HNO₃) used is 1:3, 1:2, 2:1, 7:3, and 3:1 with a nitration time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The results obtained in this research were that the pre-treatment process was able to increase the purity of cellulose in pineapple fiber by up to 93%. Then the 2:1 titrating acid formulation (H₂SO₄:HNO₃) is the best acid ratio formulation. Meanwhile, the optimum time for nitration is 60 minutes, with a nitrogen content in nitrocellulose of 12.73%. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis shows that there has been an exchange of hydroxyl groups in nitrocellulose with nitro groups, which is indicated by the presence of a peak indicating the nitro group. Apart from that, the burning test also showed that nitrocellulose can be burned faster than cellulose

Optimasi Proses Cooking Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dengan Metode Soda Metilantrakuinon (MAQ) dan Digester Liquor Tersirkulasi untuk Produksi Dissolving Pulp

Rawdatul Fadila — 2025-11-15

Dissolving pulp is a raw material in the textile, plastic, and other cellulose-derived products industries, which has a high content of α-cellulose (≥90%), high degree of brightness, low hemicellulose and lignin content. Demand for dissolving pulp continues to increase, so a sustainable alternative raw material source is required. Empty bunches from oil palm industry waste can potentially be processed into dissolving pulp. This study aims to determine the effect of cooking temperature, cooking time and NaOH concentration on yield, kappa number and viscosity and to obtain the optimum conditions for cooking oil palm empty bunches for dissolving pulp using 2-methylantraquinone (MAQ) soda with a circulating liquor digester. Prehydrolysis of the raw materials was conducted at 150 °C for 180 min, followed by soda cooking with 0.1% MAQ at 140–160 °C for 120–240 min using NaOH concentrations of 10–20%. Optimization was conducted using Design Expert software with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model Central Composite Design (CCD). Pulp from the cooking process produced yields with a range of 23.4-51.56%, kappa numbers of 6.97-19.44 and viscosity of 6.21-9.13 cP. Optimal conditions were obtained from RSM at 160°C, 120 minutes cooking time, and 20% NaOH concentration, with an estimated yield of 46.9%, kappa number of 10.22, and viscosity of 7.06 cP. This study confirms that the production of dissolving pulp from oil palm empty fruit bunches for dissolving pulp with MAQ soda process and circulating digester liquor was successfully carried out.

Tinjauan Pengaruh Suhu dan Massa Katalis Terhadap Yield Bio-Oil Hasil Pirolisis Ampas Tebu (Sugarcane Bagasse)

Oktaviani Oktaviani — 2025-11-15

Sugarcane bagasse, as lignocellulosic biomass waste, has great potential for producing bio-oil through pyrolysis, which is the process of converting biomass into bio-oil, biochar, and gas. However, the main challenge in bio-oil production is reducing oxygen content and improving its quality. Therefore, this study evaluates the effect of temperature and catalyst use on bio-oil yield from sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis. The method used was a literature review, collecting quantitative data from various relevant studies on sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis and its operational conditions. The results showed that a temperature of 500°C yielded the optimal bio-oil yield of 60.4%, with higher temperatures increasing calorific value but reducing oxygen content. Additionally, the use of a catalyst can reduce oxygen content and improve bio-oil quality. In conclusion, temperature and the selection of the appropriate catalyst play a key role in improving the quality and efficiency of bio-oil production from sugarcane bagasse, which can support efforts toward transitioning to more sustainable energy sources.

Optimasi Bio-char Hasil Proses Katalitik Pirolisis Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) Menggunakan Katalis NiMo/NZA dengan Pendekatan RSM

Fernando Sihotang — 2025-11-15

The increasing demand for renewable energy sources has driven interest in biomass-based alternatives, particularly bio-char derived from palm kernel expeller (PKE), an abundant by-product of Indonesia’s palm oil industry. This study aims to optimize bio-char production through catalytic pyrolysis of PKE using a NiMo/NZA catalyst, employing a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design. Key variables investigated include T (°C) (400–500 °C), catalyst loading (2–6%), and metal loading (0–4% wt). The NiMo/NZA catalyst was synthesized through acid activation, metal impregnation, and thermal treatment, and its structure was confirmed using FTIR analysis. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor under nitrogen and hydrogen atmospheres. The highest bio-char yield of 39.38% was obtained at 400 °C with 2% catalyst and 4% metal loading. Optimization modeling using Minitab v.22 indicated that the optimal conditions were at 400 °C, 6% catalyst, and 2.91% metal loading, resulting in a predicted yield of 36.82% with a desirability of 0.979. Statistical analysis showed a significant influence of catalyst and metal loading over temperature on bio-char yield (p-value < 0.05; Adjusted R² = 0.9236). These results support the potential of catalytic pyrolysis with tailored catalysts to enhance bio-char production from palm biomass, contributing to waste valorization and renewable fuel development.

Optimasi Proses pirolisis dari Kulit Kayu Akasia Crassicarpa Menjadi Bio-Char menggunakan Metode Respon Surface Methodologi Central Composite Design

Siti Darmiyati — 2025-11-15

The problem of fossil energy crisis and the increasing carbon emissions have encouraged the search for environmentally friendly alternative energy sources, one of which is through the utilization of biomass into solid fuels such as bio-char. This study aims to optimize the pyrolysis process conditions to produce high-quality bio-char from Acacia crassicarpa bark, a lignocellulosic waste from the forestry industry. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a batch reactor with variations in temperature (400–500°C), residence time (30–60 minutes), and NiMo/NZA catalyst concentration (2–6%) as independent variables. Optimization was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology approach with a Central Composite Design experimental design to obtain the optimum conditions. The results showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C, residence time of 30 minutes, and catalyst concentration of 2%, resulting in a bio-char yield of 33.8% with a desirability value of 0.876. Meanwhile, the highest calorific value of 28 MJ/kg was achieved at the same temperature with a residence time of 90 minutes. This value exceeds the minimum standard for solid fuels according to the International Biochar Initiative and the European Biochar Certificate, which are generally in the range of >20–25 MJ/kg. Thus, the resulting bio-char not only has potential as an alternative energy source but also meets quality standards as an efficient and sustainable solid fuel.

Optimasi Proses Pengeringan Vegetable Noodle Menggunakan Tray Dryer Infrared

Indri Yulia — 2025-11-15

Noodles are one of the most popular processed foods due to their convenience, affordability, and ease of preparation. However, conventional noodles are primarily made from wheat flour, which lacks dietary fiber and micronutrients. Therefore, this study aims to develop a more nutritious vegetable-based noodle by incorporating local ingredients such as sago flour and pakcoy. The objective was to evaluate the effect of flour ratio (wheat:sago), drying temperature, and time on the chemical and microstructural properties of pakcoy-based dried noodles using infrared tray drying. The experimental design applied Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). Responses measured included moisture content, protein content, carbohydrate content, FTIR spectral analysis, and surface morphology via SEM. The optimal condition was achieved at a flour ratio of 85:15, drying temperature of 80°C, and 2 hours duration, resulting in 9.66% moisture, 11.79% protein, and 76.41% carbohydrates. FTIR analysis confirmed the preservation of key functional groups of carbohydrates and proteins, while SEM analysis revealed a more compact and uniform surface structure in noodles containing pakcoy. This study recommends the application of infrared drying technology in vegetable noodle processing to improve nutritional value and structural integrity